Annotations: 6XT9

Domain Annotation: ECOD Classification ECOD Database Homepage

Chains	Family Name	Domain Identifier	Architecture	Possible Homology	Homology	Topology	Family	Provenance Source (Version)
B [auth D]	TPR_15	e6xt9D1	A: alpha superhelices	X: Repetitive alpha hairpins	H: ARM repeat (From Topology)	T: ARM repeat	F: TPR_15	ECOD (1.6)
C [auth H]	TPR_11_2	e6xt9H1	A: alpha superhelices	X: Repetitive alpha hairpins	H: ARM repeat (From Topology)	T: ARM repeat	F: TPR_11_2	ECOD (1.6)

Protein Family Annotation Pfam Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Description	Comments	Source
A	PF14779	Ciliary BBSome complex subunit 1 (BBS1)	Ciliary BBSome complex subunit 1	-	Repeat
B [auth D]	PF13181	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR_8)	Tetratricopeptide repeat	-	Repeat
B [auth D]	PF13432	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR_16)	Tetratricopeptide repeat	-	Repeat
B [auth D]	PF13414	TPR repeat (TPR_11)	TPR repeat	-	Repeat
C [auth H]	PF13181	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR_8)	Tetratricopeptide repeat	-	Repeat
C [auth H]	PF13432	Tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR_16)	Tetratricopeptide repeat	-	Repeat
D [auth I]	PF14728	PTHB1 GAE domain (PTHB1_GAE)	PTHB1 GAE domain	This entry represents the gamma-adaptin ear (GAE) domain of PTHB1 protein (also known as Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 protein, BBS9). This protein forms a part of the BBSome complex, which is required for ciliogenesis [1,2]. PTHB1 is the major binding sub ...	This entry represents the gamma-adaptin ear (GAE) domain of PTHB1 protein (also known as Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 protein, BBS9). This protein forms a part of the BBSome complex, which is required for ciliogenesis [1,2]. PTHB1 is the major binding subunit of IFT38 C-terminal domain, which assists the BBSome in some of its roles [2].	Domain

Gene Ontology: Gene Product Annotation Gene Ontology Database Homepage

Chains	Polymer	Molecular Function	Biological Process	Cellular Component
A	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein	phosphoprotein binding protein binding binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding patched binding signaling receptor binding smoothened binding G protein-coupled receptor binding	developmental process multicellular organism development multicellular organismal process skeletal system development connective tissue development anatomical structure development animal organ development tissue development cartilage development system development protein localization Golgi to plasma membrane transport establishment of protein localization cellular localization developmental process multicellular organism development multicellular organismal process skeletal system development connective tissue development anatomical structure development animal organ development tissue development cartilage development system development protein localization Golgi to plasma membrane transport establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport transport establishment of protein localization to plasma membrane Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport vesicle-mediated transport localization cellular macromolecule localization protein localization to cell periphery establishment of protein localization to membrane protein localization to plasma membrane localization within membrane protein localization to membrane establishment of localization vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane protein transport macromolecule localization cellular process Golgi vesicle transport protein localization to cilium protein localization to organelle head development forebrain development brain development nervous system development pallium development central nervous system development telencephalon development hippocampus development limbic system development sexual reproduction reproductive process fertilization sensory organ development eye development retina development in camera-type eye visual system development camera-type eye development sensory system development system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of smell brain morphogenesis anatomical structure morphogenesis animal organ morphogenesis behavior adult behavior regulation of hormone levels biological regulation metabolic process regulation of biological quality hormone metabolic process primary metabolic process lipid metabolic process regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process regulation of cell motility regulation of microtubule-based process regulation of microtubule-based movement cilium movement involved in cell motility regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility regulation of cilium movement cilium-dependent cell motility regulation of cilium beat frequency regulation of locomotion regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility microtubule-based movement microtubule-based process regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility cilium movement cell motility locomotion organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization organelle organization cellular component assembly cilium assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis cilium organization cell projection assembly non-motile cilium assembly cerebral cortex development cellular developmental process cell development neuron projection development generation of neurons neurogenesis neuron differentiation dendrite development cell differentiation neuron development multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process anatomical structure homeostasis tissue homeostasis retina homeostasis photoreceptor cell maintenance photoreceptor cell differentiation cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation cell morphogenesis photoreceptor cell morphogenesis photoreceptor cell development cell population proliferation neural precursor cell proliferation fat cell differentiation microtubule cytoskeleton organization cytoskeleton organization sensory perception of light stimulus visual perception striatum development subpallium development neuron migration cell migration response to stimulus olfactory behavior response to chemical chemosensory behavior ventricular system development cellular response to stimulus cellular response to stress response to stress response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure axoneme ciliary plasm cilium intracellular membraneless organelle cytoplasmic region plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular organelle cell projection cellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton organelle membrane-bounded organelle intracellular anatomical structure axoneme ciliary plasm cilium intracellular membraneless organelle cytoplasmic region plasma membrane bounded cell projection cytoplasm plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular organelle cell projection cellular anatomical structure cytoskeleton organelle membraneless organelle cytoplasm centrosome microtubule organizing center microtubule cytoskeleton centriolar satellite cytosol protein-containing complex BBSome motile cilium membrane plasma membrane ciliary membrane cell periphery bounding membrane of organelle plasma membrane region organelle membrane cell projection membrane
B [auth D]	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein	protein-macromolecule adaptor activity molecular adaptor activity cytoskeletal protein binding protein binding binding tubulin binding alpha-tubulin binding dynactin binding transcription factor binding RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding DNA-binding transcription factor binding beta-tubulin binding	cellular response to stimulus response to nutrient levels regulation of response to nutrient levels regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling negative regulation of biological process response to cytokine negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to leptin stimulus cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone response to food cellular response to stimulus response to nutrient levels regulation of response to nutrient levels regulation of cellular process response to stimulus signaling negative regulation of biological process response to cytokine negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway cytokine-mediated signaling pathway cellular response to leptin stimulus cell communication cellular response to endogenous stimulus response to hormone response to food cellular response to cytokine stimulus response to leptin signal transduction regulation of biological quality regulation of appetite cellular response to hormone stimulus leptin-mediated signaling pathway regulation of biological process negative regulation of response to food cell surface receptor signaling pathway negative regulation of response to nutrient levels negative regulation of response to stimulus response to endogenous stimulus biological regulation response to peptide cellular response to chemical stimulus negative regulation of appetite regulation of response to food regulation of response to stimulus response to chemical cellular process protein localization localization cellular localization protein localization to organelle cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization multicellular organismal process B cell homeostasis multicellular organismal-level homeostasis leukocyte homeostasis homeostatic process immune system process homeostasis of number of cells lymphocyte homeostasis regulation of cell motility regulation of microtubule-based process regulation of microtubule-based movement cilium movement involved in cell motility regulation of cilium-dependent cell motility cilium or flagellum-dependent cell motility regulation of cilium movement cilium-dependent cell motility regulation of cilium beat frequency regulation of locomotion regulation of cilium beat frequency involved in ciliary motility microtubule-based movement microtubule-based process regulation of cilium movement involved in cell motility cilium movement cell motility locomotion embryonic epithelial tube formation chordate embryonic development tube formation embryo development multicellular organism development epithelial tube formation tube morphogenesis primary neural tube formation embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching anatomical structure development epithelial tube morphogenesis system development developmental process morphogenesis of embryonic epithelium epithelium development neural tube development tube development embryonic morphogenesis morphogenesis of an epithelium nervous system development tissue development anatomical structure morphogenesis tissue morphogenesis neural tube closure neural tube formation anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis tube closure spermatid development spermatid differentiation sexual reproduction cellular developmental process spermatogenesis reproductive process multicellular organismal reproductive process cell development cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism developmental process involved in reproduction gamete generation male gamete generation cell differentiation germ cell development regulation of cytokinesis regulation of cell cycle process cytokinesis regulation of cell division cell division cell cycle regulation of cell cycle cell cycle process head development forebrain development animal organ development brain development pallium development cerebral cortex development central nervous system development telencephalon development fat cell differentiation vesicle localization establishment of organelle localization transport establishment of melanosome localization establishment of vesicle localization cellular pigmentation pigment granule transport establishment of pigment granule localization establishment of localization pigmentation pigment granule localization organelle localization establishment of localization in cell melanosome transport melanosome localization striatum development subpallium development ventricular system development connective tissue development adipose tissue development fat pad development cellular component organization organelle organization microtubule anchoring at microtubule organizing center microtubule cytoskeleton organization microtubule anchoring at centrosome cellular component organization or biogenesis microtubule anchoring cytoskeleton organization heart morphogenesis pattern specification process embryonic heart tube development embryonic heart tube morphogenesis heart looping determination of bilateral symmetry animal organ morphogenesis embryonic organ development determination of left/right symmetry specification of symmetry embryonic organ morphogenesis heart development determination of heart left/right asymmetry regionalization circulatory system development left/right pattern formation face development protein localization to cilium hippocampus development limbic system development regulation of lipid metabolic process primary metabolic process metabolic process regulation of metabolic process lipid metabolic process regulation of primary metabolic process maintenance of protein location maintenance of protein location in nucleus protein localization to nucleus maintenance of location maintenance of location in cell maintenance of protein location in cell maintenance of protein localization in organelle mitotic cell cycle process cytoskeleton-dependent cytokinesis mitotic cytokinesis mitotic cell cycle regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of cellular component organization regulation of actin filament-based process regulation of actin filament bundle assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component assembly actin filament bundle organization actin filament-based process stress fiber assembly regulation of actin filament organization actin cytoskeleton organization actomyosin structure organization actin filament organization regulation of cellular component biogenesis regulation of organelle organization regulation of stress fiber assembly contractile actin filament bundle assembly regulation of actomyosin structure organization regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization actin filament bundle assembly regulation of supramolecular fiber organization supramolecular fiber organization anatomical structure homeostasis tissue homeostasis retina homeostasis photoreceptor cell differentiation generation of neurons neurogenesis neuron differentiation photoreceptor cell outer segment organization neuron development photoreceptor cell development protein localization to microtubule cytoskeleton protein localization to microtubule organizing center protein localization to cytoskeleton protein localization to centrosome protein localization to photoreceptor outer segment protein localization to non-motile cilium system process sensory perception of chemical stimulus sensory perception nervous system process sensory perception of smell brain morphogenesis establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport protein transport behavior adult behavior cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cilium assembly cilium organization regulation of non-motile cilium assembly organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization regulation of cell projection organization regulation of cell projection assembly regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly regulation of cilium assembly regulation of organelle assembly cell projection assembly regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization non-motile cilium assembly myeloid cell homeostasis erythrocyte homeostasis regulation of cellular component size regulation of protein-containing complex assembly protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of cellular process negative regulation of protein polymerization regulation of actin filament polymerization negative regulation of supramolecular fiber organization negative regulation of actin filament polymerization protein polymerization actin polymerization or depolymerization actin filament polymerization negative regulation of cellular component organization protein-containing complex organization negative regulation of cytoskeleton organization regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization negative regulation of protein-containing complex assembly negative regulation of organelle organization regulation of protein polymerization regulation of actin filament length regulation of anatomical structure size sensory organ development visual system development retina development in camera-type eye neural retina development eye morphogenesis retinal rod cell development eye photoreceptor cell differentiation sensory system development camera-type eye morphogenesis eye development eye photoreceptor cell development camera-type eye photoreceptor cell differentiation retina morphogenesis in camera-type eye sensory organ morphogenesis camera-type eye development retinal rod cell differentiation sensory processing cognition biosynthetic process macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process neuron projection development dendrite development photoreceptor cell maintenance intracellular transport microtubule organizing center organization centrosome cycle biological process involved in intraspecies interaction between organisms social behavior regulation of multicellular organism growth regulation of growth regulation of developmental growth regulation of developmental process developmental growth growth positive regulation of biological process positive regulation of multicellular organism growth positive regulation of developmental process multicellular organism growth positive regulation of growth positive regulation of multicellular organismal process regulation of multicellular organismal process positive regulation of developmental growth sensory perception of light stimulus visual perception motile cilium assembly sperm flagellum assembly sperm motility flagellated sperm motility regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure circulatory system process regulation of blood pressure negative regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure blood circulation negative regulation of blood pressure positive regulation of organelle organization positive regulation of cellular component organization positive regulation of cell projection organization positive regulation of cellular process positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis positive regulation of cilium assembly positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly positive regulation of organelle assembly Wnt signaling pathway neuron migration cell migration regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of metabolic process regulation of macromolecule metabolic process regulation of gene expression negative regulation of gene expression negative regulation of biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process	cellular anatomical structure photoreceptor inner segment membrane-bounded organelle ciliary transition zone non-motile cilium 9+0 non-motile cilium cilium neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection cell projection photoreceptor cell cilium organelle photoreceptor connecting cilium intracellular anatomical structure cellular anatomical structure photoreceptor inner segment membrane-bounded organelle ciliary transition zone non-motile cilium 9+0 non-motile cilium cilium neuron projection plasma membrane bounded cell projection cell projection photoreceptor cell cilium organelle photoreceptor connecting cilium intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol photoreceptor outer segment intracellular membraneless organelle pericentriolar material intracellular organelle centrosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton membraneless organelle microtubule cytoskeleton ciliary basal body centriolar satellite centriole protein-containing complex BBSome motile cilium membrane plasma membrane ciliary membrane cell periphery bounding membrane of organelle plasma membrane region organelle membrane cell projection membrane nucleus intracellular membrane-bounded organelle
C [auth H]	Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 8 isoform 2	-	organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization organelle organization cellular component assembly cilium assembly cellular process cellular component organization or biogenesis non-motile cilium assembly cilium organization cell projection assembly	membrane-bounded organelle cell projection protein-containing complex cellular anatomical structure BBSome organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membraneless organelle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus membrane-bounded organelle cell projection protein-containing complex cellular anatomical structure BBSome organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection intracellular anatomical structure nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membraneless organelle intracellular membrane-bounded organelle nucleolus intracellular organelle lumen intracellular organelle organelle lumen fibrillar center membraneless organelle nuclear lumen ciliary basal body microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton microtubule cytoskeleton
D [auth I]	Protein PTHB1	-	protein localization localization cellular localization protein localization to cilium protein localization to organelle cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization cellular process developmental process fat cell differentiation cellular developmental process cell differentiation multicellular organismal process sensory perception of light stimulus protein localization localization cellular localization protein localization to cilium protein localization to organelle cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization cellular process developmental process fat cell differentiation cellular developmental process cell differentiation multicellular organismal process sensory perception of light stimulus system process sensory perception nervous system process visual perception establishment of protein localization nitrogen compound transport transport establishment of localization protein transport organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization organelle organization cellular component assembly cilium assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis cilium organization cell projection assembly	membrane-bounded organelle cell projection cellular anatomical structure organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane ciliary transition zone intracellular anatomical structure intracellular membraneless organelle pericentriolar material intracellular organelle centrosome microtubule organizing center membrane-bounded organelle cell projection cellular anatomical structure organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane ciliary transition zone intracellular anatomical structure intracellular membraneless organelle pericentriolar material intracellular organelle centrosome microtubule organizing center cytoskeleton membraneless organelle microtubule cytoskeleton centriolar satellite cytoplasm cytosol protein-containing complex BBSome nucleus membrane-enclosed lumen intracellular membrane-bounded organelle intracellular organelle lumen nucleoplasm organelle lumen nuclear lumen ciliary basal body plasma membrane ciliary membrane cell periphery bounding membrane of organelle plasma membrane region organelle membrane cell projection membrane
E [auth J]	BBSome-interacting protein 1	-	biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process protein localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport transport establishment of localization localization protein transport biosynthetic process metabolic process cellular process macromolecule metabolic process gene expression macromolecule biosynthetic process protein localization establishment of protein localization cellular localization nitrogen compound transport transport establishment of localization localization protein transport cellular macromolecule localization macromolecule localization cellular response to stimulus regulation of biological process regulation of cellular process cell surface receptor signaling pathway response to stimulus signaling biological regulation cell communication signal transduction Wnt signaling pathway behavior multicellular organismal process eating behavior feeding behavior multicellular organismal-level homeostasis homeostatic process immune system process homeostasis of number of cells myeloid cell homeostasis erythrocyte homeostasis B cell homeostasis leukocyte homeostasis lymphocyte homeostasis organelle assembly plasma membrane bounded cell projection organization cell projection organization plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly cellular component biogenesis cellular component organization organelle organization cellular component assembly cilium assembly cellular component organization or biogenesis cilium organization cell projection assembly receptor localization to non-motile cilium protein localization to cell periphery protein localization to cilium localization within membrane protein localization to membrane protein localization to non-motile cilium protein localization to ciliary membrane protein localization to organelle	cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol membrane-bounded organelle cell projection protein-containing complex BBSome organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane plasma membrane ciliary membrane cellular anatomical structure intracellular anatomical structure cytoplasm cytosol membrane-bounded organelle cell projection protein-containing complex BBSome organelle cilium plasma membrane bounded cell projection membrane plasma membrane ciliary membrane cell periphery bounding membrane of organelle plasma membrane region organelle membrane cell projection membrane

InterPro: Protein Family Classification InterPro Database Homepage

Chains	Accession	Name	Type
A	IPR032728	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1, N-terminal	Domain
A	IPR011047	Quinoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase-like superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
A	IPR028784	BBSome complex member BBS1	Family
A	IPR056419	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein, GAE domain	Domain
B [auth D]	IPR019734	Tetratricopeptide repeat	Repeat
B [auth D]	IPR011990	Tetratricopeptide-like helical domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
C [auth H]	IPR028796	Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 8	Family
C [auth H]	IPR011990	Tetratricopeptide-like helical domain superfamily	Homologous Superfamily
C [auth H]	IPR019734	Tetratricopeptide repeat	Repeat
D [auth I]	IPR026511	Parathyroid hormone-responsive B1	Family
D [auth I]	IPR055362	PTHB1, platform domain	Domain
D [auth I]	IPR028074	PTHB1, GAE domain	Domain
D [auth I]	IPR028073	PTHB1, N-terminal domain	Domain
D [auth I]	IPR055363	PTHB1, hairpin domain	Domain
D [auth I]	IPR055364	PTHB1, C-terminal helix bundle domain	Domain
E [auth J]	IPR028233	Cilia BBSome complex subunit 10	Family

Pharos: Disease Associations Pharos Homepage Annotation

Chains	Drug Target	Associated Disease
A	Pharos: Q8NFJ9	Bardet-Biedl syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 polydactyly intellectual disability acquired metabolic disease Cystic Kidney Diseases attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, inattentive type ciliopathy obesity disorder
B [auth D]	Pharos: Q96RK4	Bardet-Biedl syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 polydactyly Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 intellectual disability acquired metabolic disease Cystic Kidney Diseases lung carcinoma medulloblastoma skin disease epilepsy malignant ependymoma obesity disorder psoriasis ciliopathy Bardet-Biedl syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 polydactyly Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 intellectual disability acquired metabolic disease Cystic Kidney Diseases lung carcinoma medulloblastoma skin disease epilepsy malignant ependymoma obesity disorder psoriasis ciliopathy malignant mesothelioma ovarian cancer sinusitis
D [auth I]	Pharos: Q3SYG4	Bardet-Biedl syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 craniosynostosis intellectual disability polydactyly Metopic synostosis ovarian cancer tuberculosis acquired metabolic disease atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor leprosy malignant mesothelioma obesity disorder isolated scaphocephaly malignant ependymoma Bardet-Biedl syndrome Bardet-Biedl syndrome 9 craniosynostosis intellectual disability polydactyly Metopic synostosis ovarian cancer tuberculosis acquired metabolic disease atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor leprosy malignant mesothelioma obesity disorder isolated scaphocephaly malignant ependymoma medulloblastoma oligodendroglioma trigonocephaly astrocytic tumor Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 glioblastoma large cell medulloblastoma malignant glioma
E [auth J]	Pharos: A8MTZ0	Bardet-Biedl syndrome 18 Bardet-Biedl syndrome acquired metabolic disease Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 malignant colon neoplasm obesity disorder pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma progressive supranuclear palsy ulcerative colitis atrial fibrillation malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm psoriasis breast cancer Bardet-Biedl syndrome 18 Bardet-Biedl syndrome acquired metabolic disease Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 malignant colon neoplasm obesity disorder pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous carcinoma progressive supranuclear palsy ulcerative colitis atrial fibrillation malignant ependymoma osteosarcoma pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm psoriasis breast cancer malignant pancreatic neoplasm ovarian cancer pancreatic intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm with low grade dysplasia tuberculosis

RCSB PDB Core Operations are funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation (DBI-2321666), the US Department of Energy (DE-SC0019749), and the National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under grant R01GM157729.